Net Zero is a scam on humanity and should be halted with immediate effect. It is a complete waste of tax payers money and the road to global penury. Here are a few facts;-
Of the Global CO2 levels measured at approximately 400 parts per million (ppm) only 3% is man made. The rest is from nature. So humans generate 3% of 400 ppm = 12 ppm. UK contributes 1% of all Global man-made CO2. So 1% of that Global figure of 12 ppm man-made CO2 is just 0.12 ppm. Is this 0.12 ppm, of a total 400 ppm global CO2 level, worth taxing us into penury for?
The concern is a 1.5 degree C increase in temperature by 2100. But in the UK summer we can get changes between Night time and Day time temperatures of up to around 20 C. We can get changes between Winter and Summer average temperatures of around 40 C. Temperature at the tropics can be well in excess of 40 C while the polar temperatures can be lower than - 40 C; so a difference between tropical and polar temperatures of 80 C or more. My point is do we all panic about it and spend billions of pounds every year trying to change it, taxing everyone and tanking our economy with huge energy costs, or do we do as our ancestors have always done and just adapt at very little cost?
When real scientists look at so called global warming, or climate change, the data shows that the change in the alignment and orbit of the Earth around the sun causes ice ages around every 80,000 years and changes in sun activity also causes changes around every 1,500 years. Both of these are major effects, and there are some other minor effects too. But over geological periods of time there is zero evidence that CO2 does anything to global temperature.
There are many, many sources of data to back this up. For people who want to know the truth, in a book which explains clearly what the data shows, I would recommend “Exposing The Great Climate Change Lie” by Lynne Balzer. Again, there are many similar works by many other scientists showing the same truth.
Well done Tommy Boy for clearly detailing the fact that Net Zero is complete fantasy invented (unfortunately very successfully) to frighten and fool a worldwide population apparently unable or unwilling to think for themselves.
The figures you give do not need degrees in Maths or quantum physics to understand and yet they clearly show that we are allowing our Nation to be economically destroyed by ruling politicians blindly following the illusory 1.5 degree dogma shown by the details you give to be nonsense plucked from thin air.
We are already locked into a future of reliance on expensive unreliables. AR7 (and any other future auction Mad Ed is allowed to get away with) will just make it worse.
Reform will of course not improve things on day 1. The country needs a new fleet of gas powered power stations which - at best - will start delivering power in year 4 of a Reform government. Meanwhile it appears (ff. David Turver's substack) that investment vehicles are looting UK wind power companies while they can. Reform will inherit the equivalent of several Thames Waters. I hope Farage and Tice realise this before they start making promises which prove undeliverable in the short to medium term.
Interesting post. I see from this that running renewable power generation is more complicated than it at first appears and comes with disadvantages and add on costs and serious questions on its reliability. I’m not a climate change expert so I can’t definitively come down on either side of that debate but buying energy from Norway to pretend we are reaching Net Zero targets instead of extracting our own from under the North Sea has never made any sense to me. The economic argument for cheap reliable energy is clear. The other point that occurs isn’t it all absolutely pointless if China is pouring carbon into the atmosphere at an enormous rate which dwarfs any efforts this country could make to counter this? So we beggar ourselves and sit in our freezing homes for no real purpose.
The UK's best policy has always been diversity of energy supply. This goes for geographical origin as well as generation source. Over-reliance on one particular form or one supplier can spell economic disaster.
Throughout our greatest 250 years 1700 to 1950 our industrial revolution was based ENTIRELY 100% on COAL.
You need to read a bit of history mate.
It is no accident that as our energy system has diversified, energy costs have skyrocketed. Now we have the most diverse system ever = highest prices ever.
Huh??
And - most unreliable.
Enjoy your upcoming brownouts and blackouts Alistair - they'll be with you soon.
I'd love to see some discussion & action of EV's & the ending of ICE (petrol engines) in 2030. If action is not taken soon , Everyone will be paying double for their next car . So in reality post 2030 only the rich will be able to afford a car . I really hope this can be addressed with the UK car companies from Reform on the cancelation of this crazy Net Zero green agenda which will not only kill the UK car market & give it all to China but it will make owning a car for many a thing of only dreams
I believe this is their plan, they do not want everyone driving cars and it is the easiest way to make sure that most cannot. NWO WEF you will own nothing and be happy! You definitely will not own a car or travel abroad. These nutters are quite evil!
Stamping feet and shouting is not going to stop the green Blob with bucket loads of philanthropy money. They may be deluded, but they can support crippling lawfare. The notion that you can tear up validly made contracts between a Government and Operators is fanciful. I say to Tice, and Net Zero Watch dream on. If anyone asks, I have a paper on tearing up AR7 or subsequent Auction Rounds. Probably the outcome would cost more, and take up valuable resources, bogging a future Government down for years. The Conservatives are onto something, as some elements of Government Subsidies are Statutory and therefore can be legally overturned by an incoming Government. Renewable Energy Obligations (ROs). Read a recent Paper by David Turver, Eigen Values. Nothing in the energy market is simple, but the loss of ROs could significantly affect Renewable Operators directly and indirectly. Many are shaky financially anyway. Again, David Turver has done a detailed analysis of the Octopus Group. Also, of 'Green Investment Funds'. You will find him at @7kiwi. The other main expert on the details of our energy demand and production is @kathrynporter26. Milliband has led the nation to dangerously low reserves, especially in winter. I think I recall her saying that if we had not proceeded with Renewables, the Nation would be better off by £202 billion. That would pay for a few items. As someone has commented, concentration on electricity is an extremely dangerous idea. We need energy plurality, including Coal. Fusion is an expensive pipedream. Electricity cannot generate thousands of day-to-day products. Only refined crude oil can. I am writing a paper on how a prolonged Milliband Outage, an Electromagnetic pulse, occasioned by a bad actor, or a Carrington Event 1859 would do. IIts scary but we need to reinvest the wasted £ Billions on Net Zero, hardening and upgrading our infrastructure. Even then I predict millions will die in the UK alone. The muppets cannot even decide whether DESNZ or DSIT should be the recipients of a maximum of 19 hours' warning. There is hope. To beat the Green Blob and fanatics like Milliband, we have to demonstrate that CO₂ is not a poison, as an invisible, non-toxic, non-particulate Gas, but actually plant food, which in recent history has greened 30% of the globe, and significantly improved agricultural productivity, such that billions more lives are sustained naturally. In that context, how can decarbonisation be serious unless you are the architect of a real genocide. Fossil fuels assist productivity in the production of fertilisers. So less land use sustains more production. We have to overcome 5 decades of academic propaganda, where generations have been scared witless. Led by that idiot Antonio Gueterres of the UN. If CO₂ is blameless, and as others have said a bit part atmospheric gas which is NOT the control knob of Global Temperature, the whole Green Blob argument fails. So, in gestation, I have setup Carbon4Life.com. I have another plan, which I will refer to as EAB where we can stop renewables. I am saving that for Advance UK.
As I read this our spineless prime minister and around 140 others from the UK have flown to Brazil to talk about Climate ChangeTM. He's made 40 foreign trips so far since becoming pm. Ed Minibrain event sent someone over IN PERSON to check out the bloody hotel they would be staying in. As Thatcher used to say, socialists always run out of other people's money to spend.
They are the biggest hypocrites on the planet, how bloody dare they lecture us about ANYTHING?
We are too far north of the equator for solar to ever make a meaningful contribution to our energy consumption - study after study has been given to successive govts stating this pretty obvious fact. Hasn't stopped them coveting prime agricultural land in sodding solar panels - I do wonder how many mps have a stake in these companies.
I'd love to write to my mp Limp Dim Tom Gordon but he's utterly captured when it comes to "clean energy" (spoiler alert - its as dirty as a coal fired power station and wind turbines are environmental disaster zones). Sigh.
There are actions that can be taken to deal with AR7 and the like:
1
Tax them even when the ownership is offshore as it do often is. Tax them with a similar regime to the North Sea oil producers which is way above Corporation Tax.
2
Require them to establish sinking funds for the removal of the installations. Insist that is complete removal of all the structures including underground and overhead cables.
3
Require the land is returned in fertile condition. After decades of solar panels the soil is unlikely to be in good health.
4
Require them to fund breeding programmes to re-establish stable wild life populations. Windmills shreds raptors and bats while solar panels kill off hares and other field wildlife (birds, mammals and insects).
Perhaps most important of all is to ensure accurate easy to follow data is presented to the public on climate and renewables. Tell the public where the money went.
Insist the Met Office established a fleet of grade one weather stations and preserves actual weather data without pollution of adjustment.
Much as I agree with the content, it would be more realistic to add the views of the Conservative Party on occasions. Kemi Badenoch is the best politician in the country so it would only be fair.
Due to the combination of wind droughts and the cost of grid-scale storage there will never be a transition to wind and solar with existing technology.
Trillions of dollars spent worldwide on wind and solar have delivered more expensive and less reliable power with massive environmental impacts.
The insurmountable obstacle is the phenomenon of severe wind droughts or dunkelflautes over continental areas, documented by Paul Miskelly and Anton Lang in Australia over a decade ago.
Dirt farmers are alert to the threat of rain droughts, but the wind farmers never checked the reliability of the wind supply.
That is very strange, although some people like sailors and millers must have known about wind droughts for ever, and so did the crews on oil and gas platforms in the North Sea.
Germany and Britain bet the farm on offshore wind in the North Sea and you lost!
Why were wind farms ever built in the North Sea? According to a recent report by a retired meteorologist the oil and gas platforms In that vicinity have recorded major wind droughts for 60 years. Of course they had to watch the wind like hawks to allow safe operation of helicopters and small boats around the rigs.
Remember the time when our North Sea turned out to have gas under it? Gave us cheap energy then, of course, but whatever’s left we’re not allowed to use. And yet the Forties oil rigs are still operating, for the moment, in the middle of that same sea area 110 miles east of Aberdeen. They have been there for 60 years producing oil and recording the weather.
From their data we can have a good idea of what the winds are really like in that part of the North Sea. You can easily find very informative wind-speed data about the Forties oil rigs. During the six months October-March, for instance, 20 percent of the time wind speed is 7 knots or less. Turbines don’t turn when it’s flat calm, obviously, and they need some wind strength to get them going; their ‘cut-in’ speed is around 7 knots (8mph).
No power from the North Sea, then, for twenty per cent of the time. This would not be surprising to any meteorologist, who could explain about the bitterly cold winter anticyclones (high-pressure systems) often covering thousands of square miles, resulting in light winds or none at all.
For peak daily power demand in the evenings of those six months, remember, there is no help from any solar farm however big. If a frozen Europe needed its own electricity, with light winds in the North Sea we’re down to scraps of wind and bits of nuclear, biomass and hydro. Combined they might give us one tenth of the electricity needed on a cold, windless evening in early February. For peak evening demand on the first six days of November this year, when we needed 33-38 GW total, the wind farms could manage only between two and four GW. What saved us from total blackout? The gas-fired power stations. END OF EXTRACT
This is almost unbelievable, apparently meteorologists have known about the wind droughts (Dunkelflautes) in the North Sea for decades but when wind power became a thing the meteorologists didn’t bother to warn anyone and consequently Britain and Germany bet the farm on offshore wind and lost.
The same thing has happened everywhere else without any wind drought warmings from the official meteorologists. This surely calls for a serious investigation.
Great article explaining the issues in a non technical way. Can I make two points:
1) Only Reform will sort this so join and vote for them; stop sitting on the fence telling yourself "But I don't like Nigel Farage"!
2) Best of luck writing to your MP. Mine is part of the Marxist Mob (aka UK "government") a Hamas supporter and therefore terrorist facilitator who peddles their propaganda joyfully.
We have one thing to thank Milliband for; the changes to Liebour party membership which flooded the party with Marxist savages and led to the election of Corbyn as leader. Mercifully, the "deplorables" of the Working Class looked at the prospect of him as PM and made sure he was not elected.
Reform when they get into power state the all wind farms will cease production whenever they are not needed or at a worst case, at the end of their 20 year life. Not replaced. This should enable more reliable fossil fuelled electricity generation to take up the load , avoiding power cuts.
Net Zero is a scam on humanity and should be halted with immediate effect. It is a complete waste of tax payers money and the road to global penury. Here are a few facts;-
Of the Global CO2 levels measured at approximately 400 parts per million (ppm) only 3% is man made. The rest is from nature. So humans generate 3% of 400 ppm = 12 ppm. UK contributes 1% of all Global man-made CO2. So 1% of that Global figure of 12 ppm man-made CO2 is just 0.12 ppm. Is this 0.12 ppm, of a total 400 ppm global CO2 level, worth taxing us into penury for?
The concern is a 1.5 degree C increase in temperature by 2100. But in the UK summer we can get changes between Night time and Day time temperatures of up to around 20 C. We can get changes between Winter and Summer average temperatures of around 40 C. Temperature at the tropics can be well in excess of 40 C while the polar temperatures can be lower than - 40 C; so a difference between tropical and polar temperatures of 80 C or more. My point is do we all panic about it and spend billions of pounds every year trying to change it, taxing everyone and tanking our economy with huge energy costs, or do we do as our ancestors have always done and just adapt at very little cost?
When real scientists look at so called global warming, or climate change, the data shows that the change in the alignment and orbit of the Earth around the sun causes ice ages around every 80,000 years and changes in sun activity also causes changes around every 1,500 years. Both of these are major effects, and there are some other minor effects too. But over geological periods of time there is zero evidence that CO2 does anything to global temperature.
There are many, many sources of data to back this up. For people who want to know the truth, in a book which explains clearly what the data shows, I would recommend “Exposing The Great Climate Change Lie” by Lynne Balzer. Again, there are many similar works by many other scientists showing the same truth.
Well done Tommy Boy for clearly detailing the fact that Net Zero is complete fantasy invented (unfortunately very successfully) to frighten and fool a worldwide population apparently unable or unwilling to think for themselves.
The figures you give do not need degrees in Maths or quantum physics to understand and yet they clearly show that we are allowing our Nation to be economically destroyed by ruling politicians blindly following the illusory 1.5 degree dogma shown by the details you give to be nonsense plucked from thin air.
Cheap reliable secure low cost energy is FUNDAMENTAL to any modern industrial economy.
Remember from school -
"Brittain - the Workshop of the World"?
That's because we had cheap reliable secure low cost energy - based on coal.
Until we achieve that sort of energy supply again, Brittain will never get back to sound economic growth and increasing prosperity.
This is increasingly important as you go down the prosperity ladder, with the least well off being hit the hardest.
It's a NO BRAINER.
Only affluent clowns like Millibrain and your average greenie don't understand this.
It shows how long ago you went to school.
Anyone under 40 has learned "Britain - Racist Colonialist Imperialist Hellhole".
It’s completely crazy? We don’t mine our coal nor drill our oil - yet we import it thousands of miles. Am I missing something or just stupid??
We are already locked into a future of reliance on expensive unreliables. AR7 (and any other future auction Mad Ed is allowed to get away with) will just make it worse.
Reform will of course not improve things on day 1. The country needs a new fleet of gas powered power stations which - at best - will start delivering power in year 4 of a Reform government. Meanwhile it appears (ff. David Turver's substack) that investment vehicles are looting UK wind power companies while they can. Reform will inherit the equivalent of several Thames Waters. I hope Farage and Tice realise this before they start making promises which prove undeliverable in the short to medium term.
Interesting post. I see from this that running renewable power generation is more complicated than it at first appears and comes with disadvantages and add on costs and serious questions on its reliability. I’m not a climate change expert so I can’t definitively come down on either side of that debate but buying energy from Norway to pretend we are reaching Net Zero targets instead of extracting our own from under the North Sea has never made any sense to me. The economic argument for cheap reliable energy is clear. The other point that occurs isn’t it all absolutely pointless if China is pouring carbon into the atmosphere at an enormous rate which dwarfs any efforts this country could make to counter this? So we beggar ourselves and sit in our freezing homes for no real purpose.
The UK's best policy has always been diversity of energy supply. This goes for geographical origin as well as generation source. Over-reliance on one particular form or one supplier can spell economic disaster.
Alistair.
You are talking rubbish.
Throughout our greatest 250 years 1700 to 1950 our industrial revolution was based ENTIRELY 100% on COAL.
You need to read a bit of history mate.
It is no accident that as our energy system has diversified, energy costs have skyrocketed. Now we have the most diverse system ever = highest prices ever.
Huh??
And - most unreliable.
Enjoy your upcoming brownouts and blackouts Alistair - they'll be with you soon.
One can only hope that Maurice is likely to be one of the experts called by Reform for advice and guidance.
I'd love to see some discussion & action of EV's & the ending of ICE (petrol engines) in 2030. If action is not taken soon , Everyone will be paying double for their next car . So in reality post 2030 only the rich will be able to afford a car . I really hope this can be addressed with the UK car companies from Reform on the cancelation of this crazy Net Zero green agenda which will not only kill the UK car market & give it all to China but it will make owning a car for many a thing of only dreams
I believe this is their plan, they do not want everyone driving cars and it is the easiest way to make sure that most cannot. NWO WEF you will own nothing and be happy! You definitely will not own a car or travel abroad. These nutters are quite evil!
Stamping feet and shouting is not going to stop the green Blob with bucket loads of philanthropy money. They may be deluded, but they can support crippling lawfare. The notion that you can tear up validly made contracts between a Government and Operators is fanciful. I say to Tice, and Net Zero Watch dream on. If anyone asks, I have a paper on tearing up AR7 or subsequent Auction Rounds. Probably the outcome would cost more, and take up valuable resources, bogging a future Government down for years. The Conservatives are onto something, as some elements of Government Subsidies are Statutory and therefore can be legally overturned by an incoming Government. Renewable Energy Obligations (ROs). Read a recent Paper by David Turver, Eigen Values. Nothing in the energy market is simple, but the loss of ROs could significantly affect Renewable Operators directly and indirectly. Many are shaky financially anyway. Again, David Turver has done a detailed analysis of the Octopus Group. Also, of 'Green Investment Funds'. You will find him at @7kiwi. The other main expert on the details of our energy demand and production is @kathrynporter26. Milliband has led the nation to dangerously low reserves, especially in winter. I think I recall her saying that if we had not proceeded with Renewables, the Nation would be better off by £202 billion. That would pay for a few items. As someone has commented, concentration on electricity is an extremely dangerous idea. We need energy plurality, including Coal. Fusion is an expensive pipedream. Electricity cannot generate thousands of day-to-day products. Only refined crude oil can. I am writing a paper on how a prolonged Milliband Outage, an Electromagnetic pulse, occasioned by a bad actor, or a Carrington Event 1859 would do. IIts scary but we need to reinvest the wasted £ Billions on Net Zero, hardening and upgrading our infrastructure. Even then I predict millions will die in the UK alone. The muppets cannot even decide whether DESNZ or DSIT should be the recipients of a maximum of 19 hours' warning. There is hope. To beat the Green Blob and fanatics like Milliband, we have to demonstrate that CO₂ is not a poison, as an invisible, non-toxic, non-particulate Gas, but actually plant food, which in recent history has greened 30% of the globe, and significantly improved agricultural productivity, such that billions more lives are sustained naturally. In that context, how can decarbonisation be serious unless you are the architect of a real genocide. Fossil fuels assist productivity in the production of fertilisers. So less land use sustains more production. We have to overcome 5 decades of academic propaganda, where generations have been scared witless. Led by that idiot Antonio Gueterres of the UN. If CO₂ is blameless, and as others have said a bit part atmospheric gas which is NOT the control knob of Global Temperature, the whole Green Blob argument fails. So, in gestation, I have setup Carbon4Life.com. I have another plan, which I will refer to as EAB where we can stop renewables. I am saving that for Advance UK.
As I read this our spineless prime minister and around 140 others from the UK have flown to Brazil to talk about Climate ChangeTM. He's made 40 foreign trips so far since becoming pm. Ed Minibrain event sent someone over IN PERSON to check out the bloody hotel they would be staying in. As Thatcher used to say, socialists always run out of other people's money to spend.
They are the biggest hypocrites on the planet, how bloody dare they lecture us about ANYTHING?
We are too far north of the equator for solar to ever make a meaningful contribution to our energy consumption - study after study has been given to successive govts stating this pretty obvious fact. Hasn't stopped them coveting prime agricultural land in sodding solar panels - I do wonder how many mps have a stake in these companies.
I'd love to write to my mp Limp Dim Tom Gordon but he's utterly captured when it comes to "clean energy" (spoiler alert - its as dirty as a coal fired power station and wind turbines are environmental disaster zones). Sigh.
There are actions that can be taken to deal with AR7 and the like:
1
Tax them even when the ownership is offshore as it do often is. Tax them with a similar regime to the North Sea oil producers which is way above Corporation Tax.
2
Require them to establish sinking funds for the removal of the installations. Insist that is complete removal of all the structures including underground and overhead cables.
3
Require the land is returned in fertile condition. After decades of solar panels the soil is unlikely to be in good health.
4
Require them to fund breeding programmes to re-establish stable wild life populations. Windmills shreds raptors and bats while solar panels kill off hares and other field wildlife (birds, mammals and insects).
Perhaps most important of all is to ensure accurate easy to follow data is presented to the public on climate and renewables. Tell the public where the money went.
Insist the Met Office established a fleet of grade one weather stations and preserves actual weather data without pollution of adjustment.
Much as I agree with the content, it would be more realistic to add the views of the Conservative Party on occasions. Kemi Badenoch is the best politician in the country so it would only be fair.
I wish These observations were understood by the amateur politicians who sit in our parliament and are totally out of their depth.
Due to the combination of wind droughts and the cost of grid-scale storage there will never be a transition to wind and solar with existing technology.
Trillions of dollars spent worldwide on wind and solar have delivered more expensive and less reliable power with massive environmental impacts.
The insurmountable obstacle is the phenomenon of severe wind droughts or dunkelflautes over continental areas, documented by Paul Miskelly and Anton Lang in Australia over a decade ago.
https://rafechampion.substack.com/p/the-late-discovery-of-wind-droughts
Dirt farmers are alert to the threat of rain droughts, but the wind farmers never checked the reliability of the wind supply.
That is very strange, although some people like sailors and millers must have known about wind droughts for ever, and so did the crews on oil and gas platforms in the North Sea.
Germany and Britain bet the farm on offshore wind in the North Sea and you lost!
Why were wind farms ever built in the North Sea? According to a recent report by a retired meteorologist the oil and gas platforms In that vicinity have recorded major wind droughts for 60 years. Of course they had to watch the wind like hawks to allow safe operation of helicopters and small boats around the rigs.
https://www.conservativewoman.co.uk/a-curious-tale-of-the-north-sea-winds/
EXTRACT
Remember the time when our North Sea turned out to have gas under it? Gave us cheap energy then, of course, but whatever’s left we’re not allowed to use. And yet the Forties oil rigs are still operating, for the moment, in the middle of that same sea area 110 miles east of Aberdeen. They have been there for 60 years producing oil and recording the weather.
From their data we can have a good idea of what the winds are really like in that part of the North Sea. You can easily find very informative wind-speed data about the Forties oil rigs. During the six months October-March, for instance, 20 percent of the time wind speed is 7 knots or less. Turbines don’t turn when it’s flat calm, obviously, and they need some wind strength to get them going; their ‘cut-in’ speed is around 7 knots (8mph).
No power from the North Sea, then, for twenty per cent of the time. This would not be surprising to any meteorologist, who could explain about the bitterly cold winter anticyclones (high-pressure systems) often covering thousands of square miles, resulting in light winds or none at all.
For peak daily power demand in the evenings of those six months, remember, there is no help from any solar farm however big. If a frozen Europe needed its own electricity, with light winds in the North Sea we’re down to scraps of wind and bits of nuclear, biomass and hydro. Combined they might give us one tenth of the electricity needed on a cold, windless evening in early February. For peak evening demand on the first six days of November this year, when we needed 33-38 GW total, the wind farms could manage only between two and four GW. What saved us from total blackout? The gas-fired power stations. END OF EXTRACT
This is almost unbelievable, apparently meteorologists have known about the wind droughts (Dunkelflautes) in the North Sea for decades but when wind power became a thing the meteorologists didn’t bother to warn anyone and consequently Britain and Germany bet the farm on offshore wind and lost.
The same thing has happened everywhere else without any wind drought warmings from the official meteorologists. This surely calls for a serious investigation.
Great article explaining the issues in a non technical way. Can I make two points:
1) Only Reform will sort this so join and vote for them; stop sitting on the fence telling yourself "But I don't like Nigel Farage"!
2) Best of luck writing to your MP. Mine is part of the Marxist Mob (aka UK "government") a Hamas supporter and therefore terrorist facilitator who peddles their propaganda joyfully.
We have one thing to thank Milliband for; the changes to Liebour party membership which flooded the party with Marxist savages and led to the election of Corbyn as leader. Mercifully, the "deplorables" of the Working Class looked at the prospect of him as PM and made sure he was not elected.
Reform when they get into power state the all wind farms will cease production whenever they are not needed or at a worst case, at the end of their 20 year life. Not replaced. This should enable more reliable fossil fuelled electricity generation to take up the load , avoiding power cuts.